Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, Part 3. Exposure standards, public policy, laws, and future directions

(2021)
Method
This study employs a multi-disciplinary approach to assess the impact of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on wildlife and ecosystems, advocating for stronger regulatory frameworks.
Source
Nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) used in modern societies—primarily from wireless technologies
Result
Numerous studies across all frequencies and taxa indicate that low-level EMF exposures have numerous adverse effects, including on orientation, migration, food finding, reproduction, mating, nest and den building, territorial maintenance, defense, vitality, longevity, and survivorship. Cyto- and geno-toxic effects have long been observed. It is time to recognize ambient EMF as a novel form of pollution and develop rules at regulatory agencies that designate air as ‘habitat’ so EMF can be regulated like other pollutants.