Impact of Types of Electromagnetic Radiation on Living Nature (2023)
Method
Methodological Tools EMF Measurement:
Likely used spectrum analyzers or EMF meters.
Health Data:
Public health records (hospital diagnoses, incidence rates). Surveys/questionnaires (self-reported symptoms).
Statistical Analysis:
Correlated EMF levels with morbidity data (e.g., regression models).
Source
Result
- Exposure Range: The study examines electromagnetic radiation (EMR) across a broad spectrum—from low-frequency (50 Hz, e.g., power lines) to high-frequency (up to 300 GHz, e.g., mobile networks)—and its escalating presence in modern life.
- Health Effects: Analyzes EMR’s impact on humans and ecosystems, particularly its correlation with increased morbidity rates, focusing on the central and peripheral nervous systems.
- Regional Focus: Investigates EMR effects in North-Central Bulgaria (Veliko Tarnovo region), comparing data with European/global studies.
- High-Intensity Risks: Highlights adverse effects of short-distance, high-power EMR exposure, urging further research on safety thresholds.
UNRAVELING THE IMPACT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ON HUMAN HEALTH: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW (2024)
Method
Databases Used:
Reputable scientific databases (e.g., PubMed, IEEE Xplore, WHO reports)
Time Frame:
Studies published up to 2024
Inclusion Criteria:
Peer-reviewed experimental (lab/animal) and epidemiological (human population) studies
Focus on RF radiation (300 MHz – 300 GHz)
Measured outcomes:
Cancer risk, fertility, cognitive/sleep effects, DNA/oxidative damage
Source
Result
- Examines long-term exposure from: Mobile devices Base station transmittersBiological Mechanisms DNA damage Blood-brain barrier disruption Oxidative stress Cognitive/sleep effects.
- Potential Health RisksBrain tumors Carcinogenic effects Fertility impairment Neurological disorders
- Mitigation Strategies ICNIRP/WHO safety guidelines Public awareness campaigns Natural exposure-reduction techniques.
Review on Biological Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation (2018)
Method
Data Synthesis Approach Mechanistic Analysis:
Explained how EMR interacts with biological systems:
Thermal effects (tissue heating)
Non-thermal effects (e.g., ROS generation, calcium ion flux)
Case Studies:
Highlighted key research proving EMR harm, e.g.:
- Reduced seed germination in plants near cell towers
- Bee colony collapse linked to RF exposure
Source
Result
Critical role of wireless technologies in modern living
Harmful emissions from electronic devices
Wide-ranging impacts on human health and ecosystems
Need for greater emphasis on health considerations in tech development
- Effects on human DNA
- Effects on Nervous System and Psycological disorder
- Effect on Cancer
- Effects on Fertility and Reproduction
- Fetal and Neonatal effects
- Effects on Learning and memory
- Vulnerability of Children to EM radiation
Practical solutions to minimize adverse effects
- Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structures
- Frequency Spectrum Solutions:
- Reducing congestion in the 800, 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz bands
- Utilizing millimeter-wave bands (20-70 GHz)
The Effects of Ionising and Non-Ionising Electromagnetic Radiation on Extracellular Matrix Proteins (2021)
Method
Literature Search & Selection Scope:
Prioritized studies on ECM-specific radiation damage (collagen, elastin, fibronectin, etc.).
Included:
In vitro experiments (e.g., irradiated ECM protein solutions).
In vivo/ex vivo models (e.g., irradiated skin/breast tissue).
Source
Ionising:
Cosmic radiation
Radon gas
Non-Ionising:
Sunlight
Result
Well-studied: Cellular-level radiation effects
Understudied: ECM-specific damage in:
Breast stroma (ionizing radiation)
Skin dermis (non-ionizing radiation)
Clinical Consequences
Potential ECM Impacts:
- Structural Changes:
Collagen/elastin degradation
- Functional Disruption:
Altered tissue mechanics
- Long-term Effects:
Impaired wound healing
Fibrosis risk
Impact of specific electromagnetic radiation on wakefulness in mice (2024)
Method
Experimental Setup:
Mice were exposed to EMR at different carrier frequencies (2.4 GHz vs. 935 MHz).
Different modulation frequencies were tested: 10 Hz, 100 Hz, and 1,000 Hz.
Different modulation modes
Square-pulsed modulation (abrupt on/off pulses)
Sinusoidal-pulsed modulation (smooth wave pulses)
Continuous sinusoidal amplitude modulation (no pulses, smooth wave)
Source
EMR frequencies of 1,000 Hz and 10 Hz
Result
Public Health Concern
„Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the environment, particularly in the microwave range, may constitute a public health concern.“
„Exposure to 2.4 GHz EMR modulated by 100 Hz square pulses was recently reported to markedly increase wakefulness in mice.“
Experimental Results
„Similar wakefulness increase induced by 1,000 Hz modulation“
„No effect observed with 10 Hz modulation“
„935 MHz EMR shows little impact regardless of modulation“
Impact of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation on Male Infertility: An assessment of the mechanism and consequences (2020)
Method
Exposure Setup
EMR Sources: Cell phones, Wi-Fi, power lines, monitors (common devices emitting non-ionizing radiation).
Frequency Ranges:
RF-EMR (Radiofrequency): 900 MHz – 2.4 GHz (mobile phones, Wi-Fi).
ELF-EMR (Extremely Low Frequency): 50–60 Hz (power lines, electrical appliances).
Exposure Conditions:
In vivo (animal studies): Rats/mice exposed to EMR in controlled chambers.
In vitro (human sperm samples): Sperm exposed to EMR in lab conditions.
Epidemiological studies: Surveys on men with high EMR exposure (e.g., cell phone users, industrial workers).
Source
Result
Primary Exposure Sources:
- Mobile phones
- Power lines
- Computer monitors and displays
Effects on Male Reproductive System:
Impaired sperm parameters (morphology, motility, and viability)
Metabolic alterations
Genomic instability
Mechanisms of Damage:
Thermal and non-thermal interactions with biological tissues
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Oxidative stress and disrupted redox equilibrium
Reduced total antioxidant capacity
Conclusion:
- Analyze the effects of EMR on the male reproductive system
- Examine ROS generation mechanisms and pathways of action
Present safety measures for electronic devices and mobile phone usage
Short-term exposure of 2.4 GHz electromagnetic radiation on cellular ROS generation and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cell line and impact on developing chick embryo brain tissue (2025)
Method
Chick Embryo Model:
2.4 GHz continuous wave
4h/day for 5 days
N=20 per group (exposed vs control)
SH-SY5Y Cell Line:
Same EMR parameters
4h acute exposure
Source
Result
After 4h Exposure:
- 25% ↑ ROS production (p<0.001)
- DNA damage (Tail moment ↑ 40%)
- Bax/Bcl-2 ratio ↑ 2.1-fold
15% ↓ cell viability (p<0.05)
Investigation of the Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation on Human Health Using Remote Sensing Technique (2021)
Method
Applied primary standards to measure radioactive energy.
Sampled common devices (e.g., cell phones).
Analyzed health impacts based on exposure duration.
Source
Result
A Review on the Impact of the Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) on the Human’s Health (2012)
Method
Frequency Ranges:
RF-EMR (Radiofrequency): 900 MHz – 2.4 GHz (mobile phones, Wi-Fi).
ELF-EMR (Extremely Low Frequency): 50–60 Hz (power lines, electrical appliances).
Exposure Conditions:
In vivo (animal studies): Rats/mice exposed to EMR in controlled chambers.
In vitro (human sperm samples): Sperm exposed to EMR in lab conditions.
Epidemiological studies: Surveys on men with high EMR exposure (e.g., cell phone users, industrial workers).
Source
Exposure Setup
EMR Sources: Cell phones, Wi-Fi, power lines, monitors (common devices emitting non-ionizing radiation).
Result
Primary Exposure Sources:
- Power transmission lines located near residential areas
- Communication and telecommunication waves
- Microwave radiation
Ionizing Radiation:
- Extremely high energy levels
- Capable of altering atomic structure within cells
- Disrupts normal cellular functions
- Severe health risks including cancer and life-threatening diseases
Non-Ionizing Radiation:
- Includes telecommunication EMR
- Microwave frequencies
- Electrical waves
- Cannot modify atomic structure
- Affects atomic behavior
Potential to cause irreversible damage
Fielding a current idea: exploring the public health impact of electromagnetic radiation (2008)
Method
Type: Narrative Review (not a systematic review/meta-analysis)
Data Collection & Synthesis
Literature Review:
Examined scientific publications on EMF and health risks.
Focused on:
- Epidemiological studies (population-level correlations).
- Clinical case reports (individual health impacts).
- Biological mechanisms (e.g., oxidative stress, DNA damage).
Case Histories:
Included 4 clinical cases (details not specified, but likely patients with EMF-attributed symptoms).
Public Health Recommendations:
Proposed guidelines based on reviewed evidence.
Source
Result
Health Concerns:
Growing evidence links non-ionizing radiation (NIR) from power lines, wireless devices, and „dirty electricity“ to adverse health effects, including:
- Reproductive dysfunction (miscarriage, congenital anomalies)
- Cancer (childhood leukemia, brain tumors, melanoma)
- CNS disorders (depression, Alzheimer’s, sleep disturbances)
- Four clinical cases showed symptom improvement after reducing EMF exposure (e.g., chronic headaches, pregnancy loss, insomnia, psychiatric symptoms.
- While definitive proof of harm remains debated, the weight of evidence warrants precautionary action to mitigate potential public health risks from EMF exposure.
Biological effects from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell tower base stations and other antenna arrays (2010)
Method
Key Methodological Challenges
Exposure Quantification:
Hard to isolate tower RFR from background radiation (Wi-Fi, mobile devices).
Confounding Variables:
No control for environmental stressors (e.g., power lines, chemicals).
Limited Epidemiology:
Few long-term studies on residential exposure near towers.
Source
Result
Documented Health Effects
Both short-term and long-term exposure to low-intensity radiofrequency radiation (RFR) can cause biological effects, though long-term impacts remain understudied.
Reported symptoms near cell towers/Wi-Fi match „microwave sickness syndrome“ (headaches, fatigue, sleep disorders, cognitive issues) first identified in Soviet research.
Scientific Evidence
Multiple studies show RFR exposure leads to:
Reduced sperm motility (11/15 studies)
Increased oxidative stress (7/7 studies)
DNA damage (4/5 studies)
Decreased antioxidant levels (6/6 studies)
Antioxidant supplementation reversed effects in all 3 studies testing this.
Emerging Concerns
New technologies (5G, WiMax, smart grids) will dramatically increase ambient RFR levels
Potential ecosystem effects on birds/insects („air as habitat“)
Current guidelines fail to address real-world cumulative exposures
Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline (2005)
Method
Frequency Ranges:
RF-EMR (Radiofrequency): 900 MHz – 2.4 GHz (mobile phones, Wi-Fi).
ELF-EMR (Extremely Low Frequency): 50–60 Hz (power lines, electrical appliances).
Exposure Conditions:
In vivo (animal studies): Rats/mice exposed to EMR in controlled chambers.
In vitro (human sperm samples): Sperm exposed to EMR in lab conditions.
Epidemiological studies: Surveys on men with high EMR exposure (e.g., cell phone users, industrial workers).
Source
Exposure Setup
EMR Sources: Cell phones, Wi-Fi, power lines, monitors (common devices emitting non-ionizing radiation).
Result
This study investigated whether exposure to 900 MHz RF-EMR (similar to mobile phone radiation) induces DNA damage in male germ cells, which could have implications for human fertility.
Post-exposure analyses included:
Standard semen parameters (count, morphology, vitality)
DNA damage assessment via:
- Alkaline and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (for detecting single/double-strand breaks)
- Quantitative PCR (QPCR) (for precise measurement of DNA damage in mitochondrial and nuclear genomes)
- No Observable Impact on Conventional Sperm Parameters:No significant differences in sperm count, morphology, or vitality were observed between exposed and control groups.
Gel electrophoresis showed no evidence of gross DNA strand breaks in spermatozoa.
Detection of Subtle Genetic Damage:
- QPCR analysis revealed statistically significant DNA damage in:
Mitochondrial genome
Nuclear β-globin gene locus
Effects of high–low-frequency (HLF) electromagnetic radiation on vibrational resonance in FitzHugh–Nagumo neuronal systems (2023)
Method
Study Selection (Literature Review)
Total studies analyzed: 27
Inclusion criteria:
Studies examining RF-EMR effects on male reproduction (sperm parameters, ROS, DNA damage, antioxidants).
Parameters assessed:
- Sperm motility (15 studies)
- ROS production (7 studies)
- DNA damage (5 studies)
- Antioxidant levels (6 studies)
Antioxidant supplementation trials (3 studies)
Source
Result
Conclusion
HLF electromagnetic radiation:
→ Significantly affects VR in neural systems
→ Reduces resonance efficiency
→ Alters signal processing capabilities
Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation and Radio Frequency on Freshwater Calanoid and Cyclopoid Copepods (2024)
Method
Exposure Protocol EMF Exposure Conditions:
Voltages: 190 V and 230 VRF Frequency: 9 GHz
Exposure Durations: Varied (up to 300 minutes)
Control Group: Copepods not exposed to EMF/RF (baseline comparison)
Statistical Analysis
- Data presented as mean ± standard deviation (e.g., 21.81 ± 3.14).
Likely used t-tests/ANOVA to compare exposed vs. control groups.
Source
Result
Mortality Rates (after 300 min exposure):
- Neodiaptomus sp. (Calanoid):
190V: 21.81% ± 3.14
230V: 34.55% ± 1.81 - Mesocyclops sp. (Cyclopoid):
190V: 18.18% ± 3.15
230V: 21.21% ± 2.78
Biological Impacts:
Significant protein content alterations in both species
Observable changes in:
- Sublethal exposure duration
- Motility patterns
- Amino acid composition
Species-Specific Sensitivity:
- Calanoid copepods showed higher vulnerability
- Voltage-dependent response observed (higher mortality at 230V)
Ecological Implications:
- RF radiation (9GHz) and EMFs affect vital planktonic organisms
- Potential disruption of aquatic food webs
- Metabolic stress indicators detected
Conclusions:
- Telecommunication EMF/RF emissions significantly impact copepod survival
- Voltage intensity correlates with mortality rates
- Protein-level changes suggest physiological stress mechanisms
Urgent need for further ecotoxicological assessments
The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on sperm function (2016)
Method
Literature Search & Selection
Total studies analyzed: 27
Inclusion criteria:
Studies investigating RF-EMR effects on sperm quality, ROS, DNA damage, and antioxidants
Focus on male reproductive outcomes
Source
Result
Research Scope
- Focus: Documented effects of RF-EMR on male reproductive system
- Analysis of 27 peer-reviewed studies
- Identification of common patterns suggesting potential mechanisms
Sperm Motility: 11/15 studies reported significant decline
- ROS Production: 7/7 studies showed increased levels
- DNA Damage: 4/5 studies demonstrated elevated damage
- Antioxidant Levels: 6/6 studies showed reduction after RF-EMR exposure
- Antioxidant Supplementation: 3/3 studies successfully mitigated effects
- Emerging evidence suggests RF-EMR impacts male fertility via oxidative stress pathways
- Antioxidant therapy shows promise for mitigation
Urgent need for mechanistic understanding
The effect of electromagnetic radiation in the mobile phone range on the behaviour of the rat (2009)
Method
Study Design
Type: Experimental animal study (rats)
Groups:
- Exposed group: Rats subjected to electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
- Control (unexposed) group: Rats not exposed to EMR
- Sex distribution: Both male and female rats included
EMR Exposure Protocol
Behavioral Tests
Biochemical Analysis
Histological Examination
Source
Result
EMR Sources & Known Effects
Sources: Power lines-Household appliances-Mobile phones
documented Impacts:
- Cancer associations
- Structural neuron damage
- Hippocampal changes (Salford et al., 2003)
Conclusions:
EMR may cause:
- Subtle behavioral changes
- Altered stress responses
- Potential brain dysfunction
Electromagnetic radiation (2003)
Method
Source
Result
EMFs are ubiquitous in modern environments
Established vs. Potential Effects
Known Acute Effects:
- Burns from strong field exposure
- Well-understood mechanisms
Potential Chronic Effects:
- Possible health impacts from long-term weak exposure
- Mechanisms not yet understood
Possible impact(s) of cell phone electromagnetic radiation on human sperm parameters (2012)
Method
Focused on studies measuring:
- Sperm motility (15 studies)
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (7 studies)
- DNA damage (5 studies)
Focused on studies measuring:
- Sperm motility (15 studies)
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (7 studies)
- DNA damage (5 studies)
- Antioxidant levels (6 studies)
- Antioxidant interventions (3 studies)
Data Extraction & Analysis:
- Quantified consistency of findings across studies (e.g., „11 of 15 studies reported X“)
- Identified common patterns (e.g., ROS increase + antioxidant depletion)
- Proposed a mechanistic hypothesis based on trends
Source
Result
- Epidemiological in vitro studies have indicated that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile phones may negatively affect semen parameters by altering sperm DNA integrity and inducing the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
- The study found that increased mobile phone usage was negatively correlated with the percentage of grade A and B sperm motility but positively correlated with grade C and D motility.
- Group D (highest usage) exhibited elevated ROS levels and increased DNA strand breaks in spermatozoa.
Residential exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from mobile base stations: a systematic review on biological effects assessment (2023)
Method
Following the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), a comprehensive search was conducted across the following databases:
- Google Scholar
- Research Gate
- Academia
- PubMed
Source
Result
Measure values of non-ionizing radiation (power density, electric and magnetic fields) from phones and GSM base stations
Identify potential biological effects correlated with these measurements
Key Findings:
- Measurements were taken at varying distances and times using different instruments
- Radiation levels (power density, electric/magnetic fields) were highest near towers and decreased with distance
- Some residential exposures fell within safety limits, while others exceeded them
- Nearby residents reported health effects from elevated EMR exposure
Biological Effects:
- Numerous studies confirm health risks to humans and wildlife, including:
- Short-term symptoms: Fatigue, nausea, sleep disturbances, headaches, memory loss
- Sensory effects: Skin problems, visual disturbances, hearing issues, dizziness
- Systemic impacts: Muscle pain, DNA damage, infertility
How Safe is the Environmental Electromagnetic Radiation? (2014)
Method
Dosimetry:
Purpose: Quantifies how external EMFs induce internal electric fields/currents in tissues.
Tools: Computational modeling (e.g., FEM simulations) + physical phantoms.
Output: Basis for safetyguidelines (e.g., SAR values).
Source
Result
Sources of Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs)
1-Natural Sources:
- Terrestrial (Earth’s magnetic field, atmospheric electricity)
- Extraterrestrial (solar radiation, cosmic rays)
2-Man-Made Sources:
Power generation, transmission, and appliances
Mobile phones & telecommunications
Interaction with the Human Body
- Incident fields couple with the body, inducing:
- Internal electric & magnetic fields
- Currents in tissues
Tissue Conductivity & Current Distribution
Induced current distribution depends on tissue conductivity
Higher conductivity (e.g., muscles, nerves) → higher current density
Non-uniform exposure across organs